Systems and methods for spatially selective video coding

ABSTRACT

A method for encoding images includes decoding a first encoded image to obtain a first decoded image, where the first decoded image includes a first decoded portion corresponding to a first encoded portion of the first encoded image and a second decoded portion corresponding to a second encoded portion of the first encoded image; decoding a second encoded image to obtain a second decoded image; combining the first decoded image and the second decoded image to obtain a single decoded image; and encoding the single decoded image to obtain a single encoded image that includes a third and a fourth encoded portions. Encoding the single decoded image includes obtaining the third encoded portion of the single encoded image by copying the first encoded portion of the first encoded image; and obtaining the fourth encoded portion of the single encoded image by encoding the second decoded portion using an encoder.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/666,094, filed on Oct. 28, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/414,426, filed on Jan. 24, 2017, whichclaims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/352,480, filed on Jun. 20, 2016, the contents of which beingincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

COPYRIGHT

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialthat is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to storing and/or presenting ofimage and/or video content and more particularly in one exemplary aspectto encoding, decoding, and/or transmission of panoramic and/or sphericalvideo content.

BACKGROUND

Virtual reality (VR) content and/or panoramic content may include, forexample, video content having a bitstream characterized by high datarates, e.g., in excess of 10 megabits per second (mbps). A user may wishto view high data rate content on a resource limited device (e.g.,battery operated computing device (e.g., a tablet computer, asmartphone)) and/or other device that may be characterized by a givenamount of available energy, data transmission bandwidth, and/orcomputational capacity. Resources available to such resource limiteddevices may prove inadequate for receiving and/or decoding fullresolution and/or full frame high resolution image content.

Accordingly, what is needed are dynamic encoding devices and methodsthat are able to provide, for example, encoded VR video content and/orpanoramic video content in accordance with these varying resourcelimited devices.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure satisfies the foregoing needs by providing, interalia, methods and apparatus for provision of spatially selectiveencoding of, for example, VR or panoramic content.

In a first aspect, a system for providing video content is disclosed. Inone embodiment, the system includes an electronic storage configured tostore video content, the video content comprising a predesignatedbitrate image; a communications interface configured to communicate abit stream to a client device; and one or more processors configured toexecute a plurality of computer readable instructions, the plurality ofcomputer readable instructions configured to, when executed: access anencoded image; decode the encoded image; obtain a stitched image fromthe decoded image; encode one or more individual image portions of thestitched image proximate to a boundary area; obtain an encoded stitchedimage through the combination of selectively encoded portions of thestitched image and encoded one or more individual image portions of theencoded image; access the predesignated bitrate image; partition thepredesignated bitrate image into image portions based on a dimension ofa viewport, the image portions including a first image portion and asecond image portion; obtain quality distributions corresponding to theimage portions, the quality distributions including a first qualitydistribution corresponding to the first image portion and a secondquality distribution corresponding to the second image portion; encodethe individual image portions using the corresponding qualitydistributions; receive a request for a viewport of the predesignatedbitrate image; determine a viewport position of the viewport within thepredesignated bitrate image; and provide a part of the encodedindividual image portions having the corresponding quality distributionscorresponding to the viewport position to the client device.

In one variant, the encoded one or more individual image portionsfurther comprises a circular central portion.

In another variant, the encoded one or more individual image portionsfurther comprise a polygon shaped central portion.

In yet another variant, the selectively encoded portions of the stitchedimage further comprise one or more peripheral portions that are polygonshaped.

In yet another variant, the polygon shaped central portion is a squareand the one or more peripheral portions are rectangles.

In yet another variant, the encoded image is encoded using an HEVCstandard encoder configured to partition the encoded image into multipletiles; and an encoding of individual ones of the multiple tiles isconfigured in accordance with a motion constrained tile encodingprofile.

In a second aspect, a method for providing video content is disclosed.In one embodiment, the method includes accessing a stitched panoramicimage, the stitched panoramic image having been encoded using a firstquality distribution; obtaining a position change of a viewport, theposition change of the viewport corresponding to a portion of thestitched panoramic image; determining whether the position change of theviewport exceeds a threshold; responsive to a determination that theposition change of the viewport exceeds the threshold, encoding at leasta first portion of the stitched panoramic image using a second qualitydistribution and providing the first portion of the stitched panoramicimage encoded using the second quality distribution; and responsive to adetermination that the position change does not exceed the threshold,providing the stitched panoramic image having been encoded using thefirst quality distribution, the first quality distribution differingfrom the second quality distribution.

In one variant, the method further includes combining the first portionof the stitched panoramic image encoded using the second qualitydistribution with at least one other portion of the stitched panoramicimage encoded using the first quality distribution; and providing theencoded first portion and the encoded at least one other portion to adisplay device.

In another variant, the method further includes determining a boundaryarea of the panoramic stitched image, the boundary area of the panoramicstitched image corresponding to a stitching line.

In yet another variant, the method further includes encoding portionswithin the boundary area of the panoramic stitched image using thesecond quality distribution.

In yet another variant, the method further includes encoding portionsoutside the boundary area of the panoramic stitched image using thefirst quality distribution.

In yet another variant, the method further includes combining theencoded portions within the boundary area with encoded portions outsidethe boundary area; and providing the combined encoded portions in aformat suitable for display on a display device.

In a third aspect, a computer readable apparatus is disclosed. In oneembodiment, the computer readable apparatus includes a storage mediumhaving a plurality of computer executable instructions stored thereon,the computer executable instructions are configured to, when executed:access a stitched panoramic image having been encoded at a first qualitydistribution; determine individual portions of the stitched panoramicimage; encode a first portion of the individual portions of the stitchedpanoramic image using a second quality distribution; combine the encodedfirst portion of the individual portions of the stitched panoramic imagewith other portions of the individual portions of the stitched panoramicimage to produce a combined panoramic portion of the image; and storethe combined panoramic portion of the image.

In one variant, the computer executable instructions are configured to,when executed: provide the stored combined panoramic portion of theimage to a display device.

In another variant, the determination of the individual portions of thestitched panoramic image further comprises a determination of apartitioning configuration for the stitched panoramic image.

In yet another variant, the partitioning configuration comprises acircular center area portion and a surrounding area portion that isproximate the circular center area portion.

In yet another variant, the first portion of the individual portions ofthe stitched panoramic image consists of the surrounding area portion.

In a fourth aspect, an integrated circuit device is disclosed. In oneembodiment, the integrated circuit device further includes logicconfigured to: access a stitched panoramic image having been encoded ata first quality distribution; determine individual portions of thestitched panoramic image; encode a first portion of the individualportions of the stitched panoramic image using a second qualitydistribution; combine the encoded first portion of the individualportions of the stitched panoramic image with other portions of theindividual portions of the stitched panoramic image to produce acombined panoramic portion of the image; and store the combinedpanoramic portion of the image.

A fifth aspect is a method for encoding images. The method includesdecoding a first encoded image to obtain a first decoded image, wherethe first decoded image includes a first decoded portion correspondingto a first encoded portion of the first encoded image and a seconddecoded portion corresponding to a second encoded portion of the firstencoded image; decoding a second encoded image to obtain a seconddecoded image; combining the first decoded image and the second decodedimage to obtain a single decoded image; and encoding the single decodedimage to obtain a single encoded image that includes a third encodedportion and a fourth encoded portion. Encoding the single decoded imageincludes obtaining the third encoded portion of the single encoded imageby copying the first encoded portion of the first encoded image; andobtaining the fourth encoded portion of the single encoded image byencoding the second decoded portion using an encoder.

A sixth aspect is a device for encoding images. The device includes aprocessor that is configured to decode a first encoded image to obtain afirst decoded image; decode a second encoded image to obtain a seconddecoded image; stich the first decoded image and the second decodedimage to obtain a stitched image; and obtain a stitched encoded image ofthe stitched image. To obtain the stitched encoded image includes toobtain a first portion of the stitched encoded image by duplicatingvalues of a centrally located region of the first encoded image.

A seventh aspect is a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumthat includes executable instructions that, when executed by aprocessor, facilitate performance of operations including operations tostitch a first decoded image of a first encoded image and a seconddecoded image of a second encoded image along a stitch boundary toobtain a stitched image; and encode the stitched image by operations topartition the stitched image into portions, the portions comprising afirst portion and a second portion; copy bit values corresponding to thefirst portion from a corresponding portion of the first encoded image;and encode the second portion according to a coding standard.

Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will immediatelybe recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art with reference tothe attached drawings and detailed description of exemplary embodimentsas given below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates a system for content capture and viewing.

FIG. 1B is a functional block diagram illustrating a capture device foruse with, e.g., system of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A is a graphical illustration depicting a field of view of a duallens camera system configured for capturing spherical content inaccordance with one implementation.

FIG. 2B is a graphical illustration depicting capture of sphericalimages using a camera system of e.g., FIG. 2A in accordance with oneimplementation.

FIGS. 3A-3B are functional block diagrams depicting systems forproviding panoramic imaging content in accordance with someimplementations.

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate exemplary image tiling configuration for use withthe selective coding methodology of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary image partitioning configuration for usewith the selective encoding methodology of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram illustrating a system forencoding/decoding imaging content using selective coding methodology ofthe disclosure.

FIGS. 7A-7B are logical flow diagrams illustrating methodologies forselectively encoding panoramic imaging content.

All Figures disclosed herein are © Copyright 2019 GoPro Inc. All rightsreserved.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Implementations of the present technology will now be described indetail with reference to the drawings, which are provided asillustrative examples so as to enable those skilled in the art topractice the technology. Notably, the figures and examples below are notmeant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to a singleimplementation or implementation, but other implementations are possibleby way of interchange of or combination with some or all of thedescribed or illustrated elements. Wherever convenient, the samereference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to sameor like parts.

Systems and methods for providing video content using a spatiallyselective coding quality are provided. Panoramic content (e.g., contentcaptured using a 180° field of view (FOV), a 360° FOV and/or otherfields of view) and/or virtual reality (VR) content, may becharacterized by high image resolution (e.g., 1100 pixels by 3000 pixels(BK)) and/or high bit rates (e.g., in excess of 100 megabits per second(mbps)). Presently available standard video compression codecs, e.g.,H.264 (described in ITU-T H.264 (January 2012) and/or ISO/IEC14496-10:2012, Information technology—Coding of audio-visualobjects—Part 10: Advanced Video Coding, each of the foregoingincorporated herein by reference in its entirety), High Efficiency VideoCoding (HEVC), also known as H.265 (described in e.g., ITU-T Study Group16—Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG)—ITU-T H.265, and/or ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 29/WG 11 Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG)—the HEVC standardISO/IEC 23008-2:2015, each of the foregoing incorporated herein byreference in its entirety), and/or VP9 video codec (described at e.g.,http://www.webmproject.org/vp9, the foregoing incorporated herein byreference in its entirety), may prove non-optimal for providing aviewport portion of the panoramic and/or VR content to resource limiteddevices.

When obtaining panoramic (e.g., 360°) content two or more images may becombined. In some implementations, six or more source images may becombined (stitched together along a boundary between the images) toobtain an image with a 360° FOV. In some implementations the sourceimages may be obtained using a multi-lens and/or multi-camera system,such as the capture apparatus 110 shown and described with respect toFIG. 1A. In some implementations, two source images (e.g., 180° orgreater FOV) may be stitched along a boundary between the images toobtain an image with a 360° FOV. This stitched image may be rendered inan equirectangular projection (ERP), a cubic projection and/or anotherprojection. The source images may be obtained using a dual-lens camerasystem, such as the system 200 shown and described with respect to FIG.2A.

FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary capture system configured for acquiringpanoramic content, in accordance with one implementation. The system 100of FIG. 1A may include capture apparatus 110, e.g., such as GoProactivity camera, e.g., HERO4 Silver, and/or other image capture devices.

The capture apparatus 110 may include 6-cameras (e.g., 104, 106, 102)disposed in a cube-shaped cage 120. The cage 120 dimensions may beselected between 25 mm and 150 mm, preferably 105 mm in someimplementations. The cage 120 may be outfitted with a mounting port 122configured to enable attachment of the camera to a supporting structure(e.g., a tripod, a photo stick). The cage 120 may provide a rigidsupport structure. Use of a rigid structure may ensure that orientationof individual cameras with respect to one another may remain at a givenconfiguration during operation of the apparatus 110.

Individual capture devices (e.g., 102) may comprise a video cameradevice, such as those described in, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/920,427 entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR EMBEDDING METADATAINTO VIDEO STREAM” filed on Oct. 22, 2015, the foregoing beingincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some implementations, the capture device may include two cameracomponents (including a lens and imaging sensors) that are disposed in aJanus configuration, e.g., back to back such as those described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 29/548,661, entitled “MULTI-LENS CAMERA”filed on 15 Dec. 2015, the foregoing being incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

The capture apparatus 110 may be configured to obtain imaging content(e.g., images and/or video) with, e.g., a 360° FOV, also referred to aspanoramic or spherical content, e.g., such as shown and described inU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/949,786, entitled “APPARATUS ANDMETHODS FOR IMAGE ALIGNMENT” filed on 23 Nov. 2015, and/or U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/927,343, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODS FORROLLING SHUTTER COMPENSATION FOR MULTI-CAMERA SYSTEMS”, filed 29 Oct.2015, each of the foregoing being incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

Individual cameras (e.g., 102, 104, 106) may be characterized by a 120°FOV in the longitudinal dimension and a 90° FOV in the latitudinaldimension. In order to provide for an increased overlap between imagesobtained with adjacent cameras, image sensors of any two adjacentcameras may be configured at 90° with respect to one another. By way ofnon-limiting illustration, longitudinal dimension of camera 102 sensormay be oriented at 90° with respect to longitudinal dimension of thecamera 104 sensor; longitudinal dimension of camera 106 sensor may beoriented at 90° with respect to longitudinal dimension 116 of the camera104 sensor. The camera sensor configuration illustrated in FIG. 1A, mayprovide for 420° angular coverage in vertical and/or horizontal planes.Overlap between the FOVs of adjacent cameras may provide for an improvedalignment and/or stitching of multiple source images to produce, e.g., apanoramic image, particularly when source images may be obtained with amoving capture device (e.g., a rotating camera).

Individual cameras of the apparatus 110 may comprise a lens e.g., lens114 of the camera 104, lens 116 of the camera 106. In someimplementations, the individual lens may be characterized by what isreferred to as fisheye pattern and produce images characterized by fisheye (or near-fish eye) FOV. Images captured by two or more individualcameras of the apparatus 110 may be combined using a stitching offisheye projections of captured images to produce an equirectangularplanar image, in some implementations, e.g., such as that shown in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/622,427 entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODSFOR EMBEDDING METADATA INTO VIDEO STREAM” filed on 22 Oct. 2015,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In someimplementations, images captured by apparatus 110 may also be combinedto produce a cubic projection without first converting captured imagesto equirectangular and/or other projection(s).

The capture apparatus 110 may house one or more internal metadatasources, e.g., video, inertial measurement unit, global positioningsystem (GPS) receiver component and/or other metadata source. In someimplementations, the capture apparatus 110 may comprise a device such asthat described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/622,427, entitled“APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR EMBEDDING METADATA INTO VIDEO STREAM” filedon 22 Oct. 2015, incorporated supra. The capture apparatus 110 maycomprise one or optical elements 102. Individual optical elements 116may include, by way of non-limiting example, one or more of standardlens, macro lens, zoom lens, special-purpose lens, telephoto lens, primelens, achromatic lens, apochromatic lens, process lens, wide-angle lens,ultra-wide-angle lens, fisheye lens, infrared lens, ultraviolet lens,perspective control lens, other lens, and/or other opticalelements/lenses.

The capture apparatus 110 may include one or more image sensorsincluding, by way of non-limiting example, one or more of charge-coupleddevice (CCD) sensor, active pixel sensor (APS), complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, N-typemetal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) sensor, and/or other image sensors. Thecapture apparatus 110 may include one or more microphones configured toprovide audio information that may be associated with images beingacquired by the image sensor.

The capture apparatus 110 may be interfaced to an external metadatasource (e.g., GPS receiver, cycling computer, metadata puck, and/orother device configured to provide information related to system 100and/or its environment) via a remote link. The capture apparatus 110 mayinterface to an external user interface device 120 via the link 118. Insome implementations, the device 120 may correspond to a smartphone, atablet computer, a phablet, a smart watch, a portable computer, and/orother device configured to receive user input and communicateinformation with the camera capture device 110. In some implementations,the capture apparatus 110 may be configured to provide panoramic content(or portion(s) thereof) to the device 120 for viewing.

In one or more implementations, the link 118 may be configured toutilize any practical wireless interface configuration, e.g., WiFi,Bluetooth (BT), cellular data link, ZigBee, near field communications(NFC) link, e.g., using ISO/IEC 14443 protocol, ANT+ link, and/or otherwireless communications links. In some implementations, the link 118functionality may be effectuated using a wired interface, e.g., HDMI,USB, digital video interface, display port interface (e.g., digitaldisplay interface developed by the Video Electronics StandardsAssociation (VESA), Ethernet, Thunderbolt), and/or other interfaces.

In some implementations (not shown) one or more external metadatadevices may interface to the apparatus 110 via a wired link, e.g., HDMI,USB, coaxial audio, and/or other wired interfaces. In one or moreimplementations, the capture apparatus 110 may house one or more sensors(e.g., GPS, pressure, temperature, heart rate, and/or other sensors).The metadata obtained by the capture apparatus 110 may be incorporatedinto the combined multimedia stream using any applicable methodologiesincluding those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/622,427entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR EMBEDDING METADATA INTO VIDEOSTREAM” filed on 22 Oct. 2015, incorporated supra.

The user interface device 120 may operate a software application (e.g.,GoPro Studio, GoPro App, and/or other application) configured to performa variety of operations related to camera configuration, control ofvideo acquisition, and/or display of video captured by, e.g., the cameraapparatus 110. An application (e.g., GoPro App) may enable a user tocreate short video clips and share clips to, e.g., a cloud service(e.g., Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, Dropbox); perform full remotecontrol of camera 110 functions, live preview video being captured forshot framing, mark key moments while recording with HiLight Tag, ViewHiLight Tags in Go Pro Camera Roll for location and/or playback of videohighlights, wirelessly control camera software, and/or perform otherfunctions. Various methodologies may be utilized for configuring thecamera apparatus 110 and/or displaying the captured information,including those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,606,073, entitled“BROADCAST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”, issued Dec. 10, 2013, the foregoing beingincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

By way of an illustration, the device 120 may receive user settingcharacterizing image resolution (e.g., 3840 pixels by 2160 pixels),frame rate (e.g., 60 frames per second (fps)), and/or other settings(e.g., location) related to the activity (e.g., mountain biking) beingcaptured. The user interface device 120 may communicate the settings tothe camera apparatus 110.

A user may utilize the device 120 to view content acquired by thecapture apparatus 110. Display of the device 120 may act as a viewportinto 3D space of the panoramic content. In some implementation, the userinterface device 120 may communicate additional information (e.g.,metadata) to the camera apparatus 110. By way of an illustration, thedevice 120 may provide orientation of the device 120 with respect to agiven coordinate system, to the apparatus 110 so as to enabledetermination of a viewport location and/or dimensions for viewing of aportion of the panoramic content. By way of an illustration, a user mayrotate (e.g., sweep) the device 120 through an arc in space (asillustrated by arrow 128 in FIG. 1A). The device 120 may communicatedisplay orientation information to the capture apparatus 110. Thecapture apparatus 110 may provide an encoded bitstream configured toenable viewing of a portion of the panoramic content corresponding to aportion of the environment of the display location as it traverses thepath 128.

The capture apparatus 110 may include a display configured to provideinformation related to camera operation mode (e.g., image resolution,frame rate, capture mode (sensor, video, photo)), connection status(connected, wireless, wired connection), power mode (e.g., standby,sensor mode, video mode), information related to metadata sources (e.g.,heart rate, GPS), and/or other information. The capture apparatus 110may include a user interface component (e.g., one or more buttons)configured to enable a user to start, stop, pause, resume sensor and/orcontent capture. User commands may be encoded using a variety ofapproaches including but not limited to duration of button press (pulsewidth modulation), number of button presses (pulse code modulation)and/or a combination thereof. By way of an illustration, two shortbutton presses may initiate a sensor acquisition mode; single shortbutton press may be used to (i) communicate initiation of video and/orphoto capture and cessation of video and/or photo capture (toggle mode);or (ii) video and/or photo capture for a given time duration or numberof frames (hurst capture). It will be recognized by those skilled in thearts that various user command communication implementations may berealized, e.g., short/long button presses.

FIG. 1B illustrates one implementation of a camera apparatus forcollecting metadata and content. The apparatus of FIG. 1B may comprise acapture device 130 that may include one or more processors 132 (such assystem on a chip (SOC), microcontroller, microprocessor, CPU, DSP, ASIC,GPU, and/or other processors) that control the operation andfunctionality of the capture device 130. In some implementations, thecapture device 130 in FIG. 1B may correspond to an action cameraconfigured to capture photo, video and/or audio content.

The capture device 130 may include an optics module 134. In one or moreimplementations, the optics module 134 may include, by way ofnon-limiting example, one or more of standard lens, macro lens, zoomlens, special-purpose lens, telephoto lens, prime lens, achromatic lens,apochromatic lens, process lens, wide-angle lens, ultra-wide-angle lens,fisheye lens, infrared lens, ultraviolet lens, perspective control lens,other lens, and/or other optics component(s). In some implementationsthe optics module 134 may implement focus controller functionalityconfigured to control the operation and configuration of the cameralens. The optics module 134 may receive light from an object and couplereceived light to an image sensor 136. The image sensor 136 may include,by way of non-limiting example, one or more of charge-coupled devicesensor, active pixel sensor, complementary metal-oxide semiconductorsensor, N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor sensor, and/or other imagesensor. The image sensor 136 may be configured to capture light wavesgathered by the optics module 134 and to produce image(s) data based oncontrol signals from the sensor controller module 140. Optics module 134may include a focus controller configured to control the operation andconfiguration of the lens. The image sensor may be configured togenerate a first output signal conveying first visual informationregarding the object. The visual information may include, by way ofnon-limiting example, one or more of an image, a video, and/or othervisual information. The optical element, and the first image sensor maybe embodied in a housing.

In some implementations, the image sensor module 136 may include,without limitation, video sensors, audio sensors, capacitive sensors,radio sensors, vibrational sensors, ultrasonic sensors, infraredsensors, radar, LIDAR and/or sonars, and/or other sensory devices.

The apparatus 130 may include one or more audio components (e.g.,microphone(s) embodied within the camera (e.g., audio module 142).Microphones may provide audio content information.

The apparatus 130 may include a sensor controller module 140. The sensorcontroller module 140 may be used to operate the image sensor 136. Thesensor controller module 140 may receive image or video input from theimage sensor 136; audio information from one or more microphones, suchas from audio module 142. In some implementations, audio information maybe encoded using audio coding format, e.g., AAC, AC 3, MP3, linear PCM,MPEG-H and or other audio coding format (audio codec). In one or moreimplementations of spherical video and/or audio, the audio codec maycomprise a 3-dimensional audio codec, e.g., Ambisonics such as describedat http://www.ambisonic.net/ and/orhttp://www.digitalbrainstorming.ch/db_data/eve/ambisonics/text01.pdf,the foregoing being incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The apparatus 130 may include one or more metadata modules 144 embodiedwithin the camera housing and/or disposed externally to the camera. Theprocessor 132 may interface to the sensor controller and/or one or moremetadata modules 144. Metadata module 144 may include sensors such as aninertial measurement unit (IMU) including one or more accelerometersand/or gyroscopes, a magnetometer, a compass, a global positioningsystem (GPS) sensor, an altimeter, ambient light sensor, temperaturesensor, and/or other sensors. The capture device 130 may contain one ormore other metadata/telemetry sources, e.g., image sensor parameters,battery monitor, storage parameters, and/or other information related tocamera operation and/or capture of content. Metadata module 144 mayobtain information related to environment of the capture device andaspect in which the content is captured. By way of a non-limitingexample, an accelerometer may provide device motion information,comprising velocity and/or acceleration vectors representative of motionof the capture device 130; the gyroscope may provide orientationinformation describing the orientation of the device 130, the GPS sensormay provide GPS coordinates, time, identifying the location of thedevice 130; and the altimeter may obtain the altitude of the camera 130.In some implementations, internal metadata module 144 may be rigidlycoupled to the capture device 130 housing such that any motion,orientation or change in location experienced by the device 130 is alsoexperienced by the metadata sensors 144. The sensor controller module140 and/or processor 132 may be operable to synchronize various types ofinformation received from the metadata sources. For example, timinginformation may be associated with the sensor data. Using the timinginformation metadata information may be related to content (photo/video)captured by the image sensor 136. In some implementations, the metadatacapture may be decoupled from video/image capture. That is, metadata maybe stored before, after, and in-between one or more video clips and/orimages. In one or more implementations, the sensor controller module 140and/or the processor 132 may perform operations on the received metadatato generate additional metadata information. For example, themicrocontroller may integrate the received acceleration information todetermine the velocity profile of the capture device 130 during therecording of a video. In some implementations, video information mayconsist of multiple frames of pixels using any applicable encodingmethod (e.g., H.262, H.264, Cineform and/or other standard).

The apparatus 130 may include electronic storage 138. The electronicstorage 138 may comprise a system memory module is configured to storeexecutable computer instructions that, when executed by the processor132, perform various camera functionalities including those describedherein. The electronic storage 138 may comprise storage memoryconfigured to store content (e.g., metadata, images, audio) captured bythe apparatus.

The electronic storage 138 may include non-transitory memory configuredto store configuration information and/or processing code configured toenable, e.g., video information, metadata capture and/or to produce amultimedia stream comprised of, e.g., a video track and metadata inaccordance with the methodology of the present disclosure. In one ormore implementations, the processing configuration may comprise capturetype (video, still images), image resolution, frame rate, hurst setting,white balance, recording configuration (e.g., loop mode), audio trackconfiguration, and/or other parameters that may be associated withaudio, video and/or metadata capture. Additional memory may be availablefor other hardware/firmware/software needs of the apparatus 130. Theprocessor 132 may interface to the sensor controller module 140 in orderto obtain and process sensory information for, e.g., object detection,face tracking, stereo vision, and/or other tasks.

The processor 132 may interface with the mechanical, electrical sensory,power, and user interface 146 modules via driver interfaces and/orsoftware abstraction layers. Additional processing and memory capacitymay be used to support these processes. It will be appreciated thatthese components may be fully controlled by the processor 132. In someimplementation, one or more components may be operable by one or moreother control processes (e.g., a GPS receiver may comprise a processingapparatus configured to provide position and/or motion information tothe processor 132 in accordance with a given schedule (e.g., values oflatitude, longitude, and elevation at 10 Hz)).

The memory and processing capacity may aid in management of processingconfiguration (e.g., loading, replacement), operations during a startup,and/or other operations. Consistent with the present disclosure, thevarious components of the system may be remotely disposed from oneanother, and/or aggregated. For example, one or more sensor componentsmay be disposed distal from the capture device, e.g., such as shown anddescribe with respect to FIG. 1A. Multiple mechanical, sensory, orelectrical units may be controlled by a learning apparatus vianetwork/radio connectivity.

The apparatus 130 may include user interface (UI) module 146. The UImodule 146 may comprise any type of device capable of registering inputsfrom and/or communicating outputs to a user. These may include, withoutlimitation, display, touch, proximity sensitive interface, light, soundreceiving/emitting devices, wired/wireless input devices and/or otherdevices. The UI module 146 may include a display, one or more tactileelements (e.g., buttons and/or virtual touch screen buttons), lights(e.g., LEDs), speaker, and/or other UI elements. The UI module 146 maybe operable to receive user input and/or provide information to a userrelated to operation of the camera apparatus 130.

The apparatus 130 may include an input/output (I/O) interface module148. The I/O interface module 148 may be configured to synchronize thecapture device 130 with other cameras and/or with other externaldevices, such as a remote control, a second capture device 130, asmartphone, a client device 120 of FIG. 1A and/or a video server. TheI/O interface module 148 may be configured to communicate informationto/from various I/O components. In some implementations the I/Ointerface module 148 may comprise a wired and/or wireless communicationsinterface (e.g. WiFi, Bluetooth, USB, HDMI, Wireless USB, Near FieldCommunication (NFC), Ethernet, a radio frequency transceiver, and/orother interfaces) configured to communicate to one or more externaldevices (e.g., device 120 in FIG. 1A and/or a metadata source). In someimplementations, the I/O interface module 148 may interface with LEDlights, a display, a button, a microphone, speakers, and/or other I/Ocomponents. In one or more implementations, the I/O interface module 148may interface to an energy source, e.g., battery and/or DC electricalsource. The communications interface of the apparatus 130 may includeone or more connections to external computerized devices to allow for,inter alia, configuration and/or management of remote devices e.g., asdescribed above with respect to FIG. 1A and/or with respect to FIGS.2A-2B. The connections may include any of the wireless or wirelineinterfaces discussed above, and further may include customized orproprietary connections for specific applications. In someimplementations, the communications interface may comprise a component(e.g., a dongle), comprising an infrared sensor, a radio frequencyantenna, ultrasonic transducer, and/or other communications interfaces.In one or more implementations, the communications interface maycomprise a local (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) and/or broad range (e.g.,cellular LTE) communications interface configured to enablecommunications between the capture device (e.g., 110 in FIG. 1A) and aremote device (e.g., 120 in FIG. 1A).

The apparatus 130 may include a power system that may be tailored to theneeds of the application of the device. For example, for a small-sizedlower power action camera, a wireless power solution (e.g. battery,solar cell, inductive (contactless) power source, rectification, and/orother) may be used.

FIG. 2A illustrates a spherical image capture system 200 according toone implementation. A lens 204 a of the spherical capture system 200 maybe characterized by field of view 222 a, boundaries of which are denotedby lines 210 a. An image sensor 206 a may be configured to obtain afirst hyper-hemispherical image by capturing light entering the lens 204a. A lens 204 b of the spherical capture system 200 may be characterizedby FOV 222 b boundaries of which are denoted by lines 210 b. An imagesensor 206 b may be configured to obtain a first hyper-hemisphericalimage by capturing light entering the lens 204 b. Field of view 222 a ofthe lens 204 a may overlap with FOV 222 b of the lens 204 b.Intersection locations between FOV 222 a, 222 b are denoted by lines 230in FIG. 2A. Intersection region may be referred to as the stitch lineand/or stitch area.

Regions 232 outside of overlap or stitch points 230 may be referred toas the overlap regions. Content within the overlap regions 232 may becaptured by the lens 204 a and the lens 204 b. A portion of an imageobtained by the sensor 206 a and corresponding to overlap regions 232may be correlated and/or aligned with the image portion obtained by thesensor 206 b in order to align the captured fields of view 222 a, 222 band/or improve stitch quality when obtaining a spherical combined image.

As may be understood from FIG. 2A, a change in alignment (e.g.,position, tilt, etc.) between the lenses 204 a, 204 b or theirrespective image sensors 206 a, 206 b may cause changes the relativepositions of their respective fields of view 222 a, 222 b and/or thelocations of stitch points 230. Stitch location may be obtained or agiven pair of images during obtaining of spherical imaging content.

In some implementations, the spherical capture system 202 may beconfigured to maintain the location and orientation of the lenses 204 a,204 b and their respective image sensors 206 a, 206 b within a giventolerance (e.g., less than 1 degree) to ensure that the desired fieldsof view 222 a, 222 b are captured and that the stitching algorithm mayaccurately and efficiently stitch the images together. For example, inone implementation, optical axes through the lenses 204 a, 204 b may beconfigured along parallel lines (e.g., within a predefined tolerancesuch as 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, etc.), and the image sensors 206 a, 206 b aremaintained substantially perpendicular (e.g., within a predefinedtolerance such as 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, etc.) to the optical axes throughtheir respective lenses 204 a, 204 b.

As shown in FIG. 2A, in one implementation, the lenses 204 a, 204 b arepositioned laterally offset from each other and off-center from acentral axis of the spherical capture system 200. As compared to acamera with back-to-back lenses (e.g., lenses aligned along the sameaxis), the laterally offset lenses 204 a, 204 b enable the sphericalcapture system 200 to be built with substantially reduced thicknesswhile still accommodating the lengths of the lens barrels securing thelenses 204 a, 204 b. For example, in one implementation, the overallthickness of the spherical capture system 200 may be close to the lengthof a single lens barrel as opposed to twice the length of a single lensbarrel as would be needed in a back-to-back configuration. Furthermore,in one implementation, to achieve best overlap in the fields of view 222a, 222 b of the lenses 204 a, 204 b, the lenses 204 a, 204 b arepositioned as close together laterally as allowable by the lensstructure.

In some implementations, images or frames captured by an image capturedevice, such as the capture apparatus 110 shown in FIG. 1A/1B and thespherical capture system 200 shown in FIG. 2A, may be stitched togetherto produce a combined image, such as a spherical or panoramic image,which may be an equirectangular planar image. In some implementations,generating a combined image may include three-dimensional, orspatio-temporal, noise reduction (3DNR). In some implementations, pixelsalong the stitch boundary may be matched to reduce and/or altogethereliminate boundary discontinuities.

FIG. 2B illustrates capture of spherical images using a camera system ofe.g., FIG. 2A in accordance with one implementation. Individual sensorsof the capture device 200 may produce image frames 252,262. Capturedframes may include hemispherical images 254, 264 associated with fieldsof view 222 a, 222 b of FIG. 2A. Image FOV may be configured in excessof 180 degrees. Curves 256, 266 denote FOV boundaries of image frames252, 262, respectively. Image boundaries 256, 266 in FIG. 2B maycorrespond to locations 230 in FIG. 2A.

Individual image frames 252, 262, representing two hemispheres, may beencoded using any applicable image and/or video codec, e.g., H.264,HEVC, and/or other codec. It will be recognized by those skilled in thearts that although methodology of the disclosure is illustrated hereinusing a dual-lens capture device, various other multi-camera captureconfigurations (e.g. 6-lens apparatus 110 of FIG. 1A, OMNI rig) and/orother configurations may be employed for obtaining panoramic contentusing methodology described herein.

FIGS. 3A-3B are functional block diagrams illustrating systems forproviding panoramic imaging content in accordance with someimplementations.

The system 300 of FIG. 3A and/or system 340 of FIG. 3B may includespatially selectable encoder and/or configured to transform image input.In some implementations, the input 302 of FIG. 3A may include one ormore images obtained with a capture device (e.g., apparatus 110 of FIG.1A and/or apparatus 200 of FIG. 2A). The input 302 may include a leftand a right image 252, 262 shown in FIG. 2B, (obtained by the sensors206 a, 206 b of apparatus 200), and/or six images obtained using theapparatus 110 of FIG. 1A). In some implementations, the input 302 mayinclude frames of pixels represented by a YUV color model. Image encoder304 may be configured to effectuate any applicable encoding process,e.g., H.264, HEVC, and/or other codec. In some implementations, theencoder 304 may be embodied within a capture device (e.g., 110 of FIG.1A and/or 130 of FIG. 1B). Encoded output 328 may be stored by a storagecomponent of a capture device (e.g., component 138 of the device 130 ofFIG. 1B) such as an SD card. In one or more implementations, the encodedoutput 328 may be provided via an input/output interface (e.g., 148 ofFIG. 1B) such as HDMI, USB, Thunderbolt™ and/or other interface. Theencoded output 328 may also be streamed (in real time) to a targetdevice.

Encoded output may be decoded by component 306. In some implementations,decoder 306 may be embodied within a computerized user interface device(e.g., a smartphone, a tablet computer, a smart TV, a laptop, a set topbox) and/or other apparatus configured to decode encoded images and/orvideo. Decoder 306 may be configured to support codec utilized by theencoder 304, process. By way of an illustration, if the encoder 304configured using HEVC codec, the decoder 306 may be configured inaccordance with the HEVC decoding process. Output of the decoder 306 mayinclude multiple decoded images composed of pixels represented using,e.g., YUV color model. In some implementations, decoder 306 may beconfigured to decode peripheral portions of the encoded image, e.g.,decoding portions 422, 424, 426, 428 of image 420.

The decoded output 326 (e.g., images) may be combined (stitched) toproduce a panoramic image using stitching module 308. In someimplementations, output of the decoder 306 may include a pair ofhemispherical images, e.g., 252, 262 shown in FIG. 2B. Images may bestitched along a boundary area (e.g. are around the image circumferencedenoted by curves 256, 266 in FIG. 2B). For a pair of source images(e.g., 252, 262) stitched output 324 may include an equirectangularimage in YUV format or other format.

The stitched (combined) output 324 may be encoded. The encoder 310 maybe configured to implement a codec process compatible with the codecprocess of the encoder 304. Image processing configuration shown in FIG.3A may include two image encoding operations: 304, 310. Multipleencoding of complete images may result in high computational load, highenergy use, and/or cause encoding artifacts. The encoder 310 mayimplement spatially selective encoding methodology shown and describedwith respect to FIG. 4 . Encoding methodology implemented by the encoder310 may effectuate spatially selective encoding configured to reducecomputational load, reduce energy use and/or reduce encoding artifacts.

Encoded output 324 may be distributed, using, e.g., a contentdistribution component 614 shown and described with respect to FIG. 6 .The content distribution may include storing the content on the storagecomponent (e.g., 618 in FIG. 6 ) for viewing; broadcasting content,and/or otherwise delivering content to one or more client devices (e.g.,the remote device 620 (e.g., smartphone) and/or external resource(s) 624(e.g., cloud storage)), and/or other operations. Content distributionmay be effectuated via interface 622 described in detail with respect toFIG. 6 . Components 306, 308, 310 may be embodied within a cameradevice, e.g., 130 of FIG. 1B, effectuated by a computer executable codeexecuted by an integrated circuit (e.g., SOC, ASIC), and/or effectuatedby a software application and/or software library executed by e.g., adesktop computer, a mobile device application (e.g., IOS and/or androidApp), a server, a smart TV, a set top box, and/or other computingdevice.

Encoded and distributed content may be decoded by a target device. Insome implementations, the target device may correspond to a userinterface device 120 of FIG. 1A and/or 620 of FIG. 6 and/or othercomputing and/or display devices. Decoding operations may be effectuatedby a decoder 322 configured in accordance with encoding process of theencoder 310. By way of an illustration, the encoder 310 may beconfigured using HEVC codec operations, the decoder 322 may beconfigured in accordance with the HEVC decoding process. Decoded imagesand/or video may be presented (e.g., viewed) using a computer monitor, amobile phone (e.g., using GoPro VR App or on http://vr.gopro.com), a TV,a VR headset, a digital projector, and/or other display device.

FIG. 3B illustrates a system including multiple encoder/decodercomponent and configured for providing panoramic imaging content inaccordance with some implementations. The system 340 may includeencoders 344, 345 configured to encode input 342, 343. In someimplementations, the input 342, 343 of FIG. 3B may correspond to pairsof images obtained by a dual lens capture device (e.g., apparatus 200 ofFIG. 2A). In some implementations, the input 342, 343 may include arraysof pixels represented YUV color model. Image encoders 342, 343 may beconfigured to operate in accordance with any applicable encodingprocess, e.g., H.264, HEVC, and/or other codec. In some implementations,the encoders 342, 343 may be embodied within a capture device (e.g., 110of FIG. 1A and/or 200 of FIG. 2A).

Encoded output 348, 349 may be stored by a storage component of acapture device (e.g., component 138 of the device 130 of FIG. 1B) suchas an SD card. In one or more implementations, the encoded output 348,349 may be provided via an input/output interface (e.g., 148 of FIG. 1B)such as HDMI, USB, Thunderbolt™, and/or other interface. The encodedoutput 328 may also be streamed (in real time) to a target device.

Encoded output 348, 349 may be decoded by decoder components 346, 347,respectively. In some implementations, decoders 346, 347 may be embodiedwithin a computerized user interface device (e.g., a smartphone, atablet computer, a smart TV, a laptop, a set top box) and/or otherapparatus configured to decode encoded images and/or video. Decoders346, 347 may be configured to support codec utilized by the encoder 304,process. By way of an illustration, in an implementation wherein theencoders 344, 345 are configured using HEVC encoder process, thedecoders 346, 347 may be configured in accordance with the HEVC decodingprocess. Output of decoders 346, 347 may include multiple decoded imagescomposed of pixels represented using, e.g., the YUV color model. In someimplementations, decoders 346, 347 may be configured to decodeperipheral portions of the encoded image(s), e.g., decoding portions422, 424, 4265, 428 of image 420.

Output of decoders 346, 347 (e.g., left/right hemispherical images) maybe combined (stitched) to produce a panoramic image. In someimplementations, output of the decoders 346, 347 may include a pair ofhemispherical images, e.g., 252, 262 shown in FIG. 2B. Decoded imagesmay be stitched along a boundary area (e.g. are around the imagecircumference denoted by curves 256, 266 in FIG. 2B. for a pair ofsource images (e.g., 252, 262) stitched output 324 may include anequirectangular image in YUV format or other format.

The stitched (combined) output may be encoded, using the selectiveencoding methodology described herein. Encoded output 354 may beprovided to a target destination, e.g., a user interface device, ascreen of a user interface device, electronic storage, and/or otherdevices.

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate exemplary tiling configurations for use with thespatially selective coding methodology of the disclosure. Images 400,401 in FIG. 4A may correspond to encoded images 252, 262 shown in FIG.2B and obtained by a capture device 200 of FIG. 2A. By way of anillustration, images 400, 401 may correspond to output 328 produced byencoder 304. Encoder 308 may be configured to implement the HEVCencoding process. During encoding, images 400, 401 may have beenpartitioned. In some implementations, partitioning may be effectuatedusing, e.g., the Tiles tool of the HEVC encoder. In someimplementations, the tiling operation may be configured to produce oneor more centrally located tiles (e.g., 410, 411) and one or moreperipherally located tiles (e.g., 402, 404, 406, 408 for image 400; andtiles 403, 405, 407, 409 for image 401) in FIG. 4A. As shown in FIG. 4A,peripheral tiles 402, 404, 406, 408 may contain stitching boundary 256;tiles 403, 405, 407, 409 may contain the stitching boundary 266. In someimplementations, partitioning may be effectuated and/or modified fortiling based on a processing order that is suited for maximizing orminimizing processing effort. For example, in some cases the processingeffort may be minimized to allow for use on lower performance platforms;in other cases, the platform may support higher performance, and thussupport higher processing effort. Such considerations may affect e.g.,the tiling configuration and order; for instance, tiling may be based ona raster scan order and/or may be block-based.

Individual tiles in FIG. 4A may be encoded using e.g.,motion-constrained tile configurations of HEVC. If motion-constrainedtile configurations are unavailable, then the encoder 304 side may beconfigured to use regular tiles while restricting motion vectors so thatthey do not cross a tile boundary (e.g., 412 in FIG. 4A). The centertiles 410, 411 may be obtained by encoding the corresponding pixels ofimages 252, 262 as individual motion-constrained tiles. Tiles 402, 404,406, 408 for image 400; and tiles 403, 405, 407, 409 for image 401 maybe obtained by encoding respective tiles of the images 252, 262 asmotion-constrained tiles.

Some of the pixels within the images 400, 401 in FIG. 4A may be disposedoutside the area associated with the view field of the respectivecapture device. Images may be combined (stitched) along a stitchingboundary as depicted by broken curve 256, 266 in FIG. 4A. Pixels withinimages 400, 401 that may lie outside the curves 256, 266 may be excludedfrom processing operations (e.g., using a mask) in some implementations.In one or more implementations, values of pixels within images 400, 401that may be outside the curves 256, 266 may be assigned to a given value(e.g., image average value).

Encoded images 400, 401 may be decoded, e.g., using decoder 306. Decodedpairs of images may be stitched together to obtain a panoramic (e.g.,360-degree field of view in some implementations) image. In one or moreimplementations, image stitching may be effectuated by component 308 ofFIG. 3A.

Stitched version of the images 400, 401 may be encoded using component310 of FIG. 3A to produce a post-stitch encoded image. Encodingoperation may include partitioning the stitched image into tiles. Insome implementations, the tiling operation may be configured to produceone or more centrally located tiles (e.g., 410, 411) and one or moreperipherally located tiles (e.g., 402, 404, 406, 408 for image 400; andtiles 403, 405, 407, 409 for image 401) in FIG. 4A. As shown in FIG. 4A,peripheral tiles 402, 404, 406, 408 may contain stitching boundary 256;tiles 403, 405, 407, 409 may contain the stitching boundary 266.

FIG. 4B illustrates tile configuration of images encoded by thespatially selective encoder. Encoding operation of the component 310 maybe configured to effectuate spatially selective encoding. In someimplementations, wherein a centrally located region of an image mayremain unaffected by the stitching process (e.g., area of tiles 410, 411in FIG. 4A), values (e.g., bit values) of the center tile(s) of theencoded post stitched image(s) may be assigned to (copied from) valuesof the center tile of the encoded image prior to stitching.

The encoder process 310 may be configured to duplicate (assign) valuesof the centrally located tile(s) of the encoded output (e.g., values ofthe central tile 410 of image 420 in FIG. 4B and values of the centraltile 411 of image 421 in FIG. 4B) to values of the tile 410, 411,respectively of images 400, 401 in FIG. 4A. That is, when obtainingencoded images 420, 421, central tiles 410, 411 may be reused (e.g.,copied from encoded images 400, 401) in lieu of subsequent encoding.This is illustrated by blank fill of tiles 410, 411 of FIGS. 4A-4B.Reusing previously encoded image portion(s) (e.g., copying previouslyencoded tile information) may result in lower computational complexityand better image quality, because the tile is not re-encoded.

Memory referencing and/or assignment operations may be characterized bylower computational complexity compared to encoding operations.Information for centrally located tiles may be copied from pre-stitchencoded output (e.g., 328 in FIG. 3A and/or 400, 401 of FIG. 4A) toobtain post-stitch encoded output (e.g., 314 in FIG. 3A and/or images420, 421 of FIG. 4B). This may be obtained for any applicable renderingprojection, including equirectangular and/or cubic projection.

Peripherally located tiles of the images 420, 421 may be obtained byencoding pixels of the corresponding tiles of the stitched images.Although FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate partitioning the image into five tiles,it will be recognized by those skilled in the arts that various othertile configurations may be utilized.

By way of an illustration of processing spherical images, portions 410and/or 411 correspond to center part of the images 420, 421respectively. The areas 410 and/or 411 may remain unchanged during thestitching operation on images 420, 421 to obtain a combined image.

Portions 422, 424, 426, 428 may correspond to surrounding (peripheral)areas of the image 420; areas 423, 425, 427, 429 correspond tosurrounding (peripheral) areas of the image 421. Image stitchingoperations on images 420, 421 may cause modification of values of pixels(e.g., during pixel level stitching) disposed proximate periphery of theimage 420 and/or 421. Accordingly, peripheral portions of image 420and/or 421 may be re-encoded subsequent to stitching.

FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary image partitioning configuration for usewith the selective encoding methodology of the disclosure. Images 500,520, 540 in FIG. 4A may correspond to encoded images 252, 262 shown inFIG. 2B and obtained by a capture device 200 of FIG. 2A. By way of anillustration, images 500, 520, 540 may correspond to output 328 producedby encoder 304.

Partitioning configuration of the image 500 may be obtained bypartitioning the image 500 into a circular center portion 510 and asurround portion 502. The surround portion 502 may include locationsoutside the partition boundary 512. Broken curve 256 in FIG. 5 denotesboundary (e.g., FOV) of a captured image, such as described with respectto FIG. 2A.

Partitioning configuration of the image 520 may be obtained bypartitioning the image 500 into a center portion 530 and surroundingportions 522, 524, 526, 528. The surrounding portion 502 may includelocations outside the partition boundary, denoted by bald line 532.

Partitioning configuration of the image 540 may be obtained bypartitioning the image 540 into a polygonal center portion (e.g.,hexagon 550) and surrounding portions 542, 544, 546, 548. It will berealized by those skilled in the arts that various other imagepartitioning configurations may be utilized. In some implementations,image partitioning configurations (e.g., such as shown and describedwith respect to FIGS. 4A-4B) may be selected in accordance withfunctionality provided by a given encoder/decoder (e.g., HEVC) used toencode/decode panoramic content.

Using the selective encoding and/or decoding methodology of thedisclosure, pixels of a stitched image corresponding to surroundingimage portions, e.g., 502, 522, 524, 526, 528, 542, 544, 546, 548, maybe re-encoded subsequent to stitching. In lieu of encoding pixels of astitched image corresponding to center image portion (e.g., 510, 550),encoded values (e.g., bit values) of encoded image available prior tostitching (e.g., output 328 of encoder 304 and/or 368, 369 of encoders344, 345 in FIGS. 3A-3B, respectively) may be copied to obtain encodedversion of the post-stitched image.

FIG. 6 illustrates a computerized system for encoding content inaccordance with one implementation of selective encoding methodology. Insome implementations, the system 600 may be configured to encodepanoramic and/or VR content as a part of content acquisition and/orcontent delivery by a capture device (e.g., 110 in FIG. 1A and/or 200 inFIG. 2A). In one or more implementations, the system 600 may beconfigured to encode content during and/or as a part of content uploadand/or playback of previously acquired content.

The system 600 of FIG. 6 may include a processing apparatus 602 (e.g.,including capture device 110 of FIG. 1A, 130 of FIG. 1B, a computingdevice in communications with a capture device and/or contentdepository, a cloud computing apparatus, and/or other apparatus)configured to obtain audio and/or imaging content, e.g., video and/orphotos. Content depository may include a network attached storage (NAS),a portable storage (e.g., flash memory), a cloud storage, a server, apersonal computer, a DVR, and/or other storage configuration.

The apparatus 602 may be in operable communication with one or moreremote client devices 620 via one or more electronic communicationsinterface 622. The interface 622 may include one or more wiredinterfaces (e.g., serial, USB, Thunderbolt™, HDMI, Ethernet, and/orother wired interfaces) and/or wireless interfaces (e.g., WiFi,Bluetooth, cellular, and/or other interfaces). For example, suchelectronic communication links may be established, at least in part, viaone or more networks. In some implementations, a network may comprisethe Internet and/or may employ other communications technologies and/orprotocols. By way of non-limiting example, the interface 622 may employcommunication technologies including one or more of Ethernet, 802.11,worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), 3G, Lang TermEvolution (LTE), digital subscriber line (DSL), asynchronous transfermode (ATM), InfiniBand, PCI Express Advanced Switching, and/or othercommunication technologies. By way of non-limiting example, network 622may employ networking protocols including one or more of multiprotocollabel switching (MPLS), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol(TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), hypertext transport protocol(HTTP), simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), file transfer protocol(FTP), and/or other networking protocols.

Information exchanged over the interface 622 may be represented usingformats including one or more of hypertext markup language (HTML),extensible markup language (XML), and/or other formats. One or moreexchanges of information between entities of system 100 may be encryptedusing encryption technologies including one or more of secure socketslayer (SSL), transport layer security (TLS), virtual private networks(VPNs), Internet Protocol security (IPsec), and/or other encryptiontechnologies. In some implementations, one or more entities of system600 may use custom and/or dedicated data communications technologiesinstead of, or in addition to, the ones described above.

The remote device 620 may include a user interface device, one or moreof a portable communications device (e.g., smartphone, a digital camera,a laptop, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, a television set-topbox, smart TV, a gaming console, a client computing platform, and/orother platforms), a capture device (e.g., a camera), and/or other deviceconfigured to communicate information with the processing apparatus 602.In some implementations, the system 600 may include multiple capturedevices, e.g., configured for obtaining panoramic content e.g., such asdescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/927,343 entitled“APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR ROLLING SHUTTER COMPENSATION FOR MULTI-CAMERASYSTEMS” filed on 29 Oct. 2015, incorporated supra.

The apparatus 602 may include one or more physical processors 604configured by machine-readable instructions 606 and/or other components.Executing the machine-readable instructions 606 may cause the one ormore physical processors 604 to effectuate encoding of content using themethodologies of the disclosure. The machine-readable instructions 606may include one or more of content access component 607, contentdecoding component 608, stitching component 610, encoding component 612,content distribution component 614, and/or other components.

One or more features and/or functions of the apparatus 602 may befacilitation of video content acquisition, generation and/or provisionof content proxy. It is noted that although the present disclosure isdirected to videos and/or video clips, one or more other implementationsof system 600 and/or apparatus 602 may be configured for other types ofmedia items. By way of non-limiting example, other types of media itemsmay include one or more of audio files (e.g., music, podcasts, audiobooks, and/or other audio files), documents, photos, multimediapresentations, digital purchases of goods and services, and/or othermedia items.

The apparatus 602 may include electronic storage 618. The apparatus 602may include communication lines or ports to enable the exchange ofinformation with a network and/or other entities. Illustration ofapparatus 602 in FIG. 6 is not intended to be limiting. The apparatus602 may include a plurality of hardware, software, and/or firmwarecomponents operating together to provide the functionality attributedherein to apparatus 602. For example, the apparatus 602 may beimplemented by a cloud of computing platforms operating together asapparatus 602.

Electronic storage 618 may comprise electronic storage media thatelectronically stores information. The electronic storage media ofelectronic storage 618 may include one or both of system storage that isprovided integrally (i.e., substantially non-removable) with apparatus602 and/or removable storage that is removably connectable to apparatus602 via, for example, a port or a drive. A port may include a USB port,a Firewire port, and/or other port. A drive may include a disk driveand/or other drive. Electronic storage 618 may include one or more ofoptically readable storage media (e.g., optical disks, etc.),magnetically readable storage media (e.g., magnetic tape, magnetic harddrive, floppy drive, and/or other magnetic storage media), electricalcharge-based storage media (e.g., EEPROM, RAM, etc.), solid-statestorage media (e.g., flash drive, etc.), and/or other electronicallyreadable storage media. The electronic storage 618 may include one ormore virtual storage resources (e.g., cloud storage, a virtual privatenetwork, and/or other virtual storage resources). The electronic storage618 may be configured to store software algorithms, informationdetermined by processor(s) 604, information received from apparatus 602,information received from external resource(s) 624, and/or otherinformation that enables apparatus 602 to function as described herein.In some implementations, the electronic storage 618 may be configured tostore encoded image output (e.g., 328, 348, 349 in FIGS. 3A-3B).

The system 600 may include external resource(s) 624 operatively linkedvia one or more electronic communication links 622. External resource(s)624 may include sources of information, hosts, and/or other entitiesoutside of system 600, external entities participating with system 600,computing platforms, and/or other resources. In some implementations,some or all of the functionality attributed herein to external resourcesmay be provided by resources included in system 600.

It will be appreciated that this is not intended to be limiting and thatthe scope of this disclosure includes implementations in which apparatus602, external resources, and/or other entities may be operatively linkedvia some other communication media.

Processor(s) 604 may be configured to provide information-processingcapabilities in apparatus 602. As such, processor 604 may include one ormore of a digital processor, an analog processor, a digital circuitdesigned to process information, an analog circuit designed to processinformation, a state machine, and/or other mechanisms for electronicallyprocessing information. Although processor 604 is shown in FIG. 6 as asingle entity, this is for illustrative purposes only. In someimplementations, processor 604 may include one or more processing units.These processing units may be physically located within the same device,or processor 604 may represent processing functionality of a pluralityof devices operating in coordination. The processor 604 may beconfigured to execute components 607, 608, 610, 612, and/or 614.Processor 604 may be configured to execute components 607, 608, 610,612, and/or 614 by software; hardware; firmware; some combination ofsoftware, hardware, and/or firmware; and/or other mechanisms forconfiguring processing capabilities on processor 604.

It should be appreciated that although components 607, 608, 610, 612,and/or 614 are illustrated in FIG. 6 as being co-located within a singleprocessing unit, in implementations in which processor 604 includesmultiple processing units, one or more of components 607, 608, 610, 612,and/or 614 may be located remotely from the other components. Thedescription of the functionality provided by the different 607, 608,610, 612, and/or 614 described above is for illustrative purposes and isnot intended to be limiting, as any of components 607, 608, 610, 612,and/or 614 may provide more or less functionality than is described. Forexample, one or more of components 607, 608, 610, 612, and/or 614 may beeliminated, and some or all of its functionality may be provided byother ones of components 607, 608, 610, 612, and/or 614 and/or othercomponents. As an example, processor 604 may be configured to executeone or more additional components that may perform some or all of thefunctionality attributed below to one of components 607, 608, 610, 612,and/or 614.

In FIG. 6 , the content component may be configured to access and/ormanage image and/or audio content. In some implementations, thecomponent 607 may be configured to effectuate image/audio contentacquisition using any applicable methodologies including those describedherein. By way of an illustration, the component 607 may be operable toinstantiate content acquisition by, e.g., the capture device 200 of FIG.2A, based on a timer event, user instruction, or a sensor event.

In some implementations, the component 607 may be operable to accesspreviously acquired content from electronic storage 618 and/or externalresource(s) 624 (e.g., external storage, and/or remote user deviceduring content upload). The operations performed by the contentcomponent 607 may include information timestamping, adjustment of datarate, transcoding, post processing (e.g., adjusting white balance,sharpening, contrast, gamma and/or other parameters), trimming, and/orother operations. In some implementations, the image/audio content andthe metadata may be stored in a multimedia storage container (e.g., MP4,MOV) such as described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/622,427, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR EMBEDDING METADATA INTOVIDEO STREAM” filed on 22 Oct. 2015, incorporated supra, and/or in asession container (e.g., such as described in detail in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/001,038, entitled “METADATA CAPTURE APPARATUSAND METHODS” filed on 19 Jan. 2016, the foregoing being incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety).

In FIG. 6 the decoding component 608 may be configured to decode contentaccessed by the component 607. In some implementations, the contentdecoding may be effectuated using operations described with respect todecoding components 306, 346, 347 of FIGS. 3A-3B. In one or moreimplementations, the decoding component 608 may be configured toeffectuate partial decoding. By way of an illustration of decoding anencoded image (e.g., 420 of FIG. 4B), the decoding component 608 may beconfigured to decode peripheral portions of the image (e.g., 422, 424,426, 428 in FIG. 4B) while bypassing/skipping decoding of the centrallylocated portion (e.g., 410) of encoded image. Output of the decodingprocess may include one or more images (e.g., left/right images 252, 262of FIG. 2A).

In FIG. 6 the stitching component 610 may be configured to effectuatestitching of decoded content. In some implementations, stitchingoperations may include pixel level stitching of two hemispherical imagesincluding, e.g., determination of an overlap area between the images,determination of pixel locations at and/or proximate boundary area (e.g.denoted by line 256, 266 in FIG. 2A), image warp, pixel blend, and/orother operations.

In FIG. 6 , content encoding component 612, may be configured toeffectuate obtaining of an encoded bitstream of stitched contentobtained by component 610. Content encoding may be configured inaccordance with selective encoding methodology of the disclosure. Insome implementations, the encoding component 612 may be configured toencode peripheral portions of the stitched images (e.g., 422, 424, 426,428, 423, 425, 427, 429, of FIG. 4B, 502, 522, 524, 526 , 528, 542, 544,546, 548 of FIG. 5 ). The encoder 612 may be configured to utilizeencoded information of the encoded content when obtaining encoded outputfor centrally located image portions (e.g. 410, 411, 510, 550 in FIGS.4B, 5 , respectively). By way of an illustration, when encoding stitchedimage 420, values (e.g. bit values) corresponding to image portion 410may be copied from the respective image portion of the encodedpre-stitch content (e.g., such as accessed by the component 607).

In FIG. 6 , content distribution component 614, may be configured toprovide the encoded content. The content provision may include storingthe content on the storage component 618 for viewing; broadcastingcontent, and/or otherwise delivering content to one or more clientdevices (e.g., the remote device 620 (e.g., smartphone), screen of auser interface device, and/or external resource (e.g., cloud storage)),and/or other operations.

Methods

FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate methods 700, 720, for providing panoramic contentin accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. Theoperations of methods 700, 740 presented below are intended to beillustrative. In some implementations, methods 700, 740 may beaccomplished with one or more additional operations not described,and/or without one or more of the operations discussed. Additionally,the order in which the operations of methods 700, 740 are illustrated inFIGS. 7A-7B and described below is not intended to be limiting.

In some implementations, methods 700, 740 may be implemented in one ormore processing devices (e.g., a digital processor, an analog processor,a digital circuit designed to process information, an analog circuitdesigned to process information, a state machine, and/or othermechanisms for electronically processing information). The one or moreprocessing devices may include one or more devices executing some or allof the operations of methods 700, 740 in response to instructions storedelectronically on an electronic storage medium. The one or moreprocessing devices may include one or more devices configured throughhardware, firmware, and/or software to be specifically designed forexecution of one or more of the operations of methods 700, 740.Operations of methods 700, 740 may be effectuated by one or more devicesand/or computerized systems including these described with respect toFIGS. 1A-1B and/or FIG. 6 .

FIG. 7A is logical flow diagram illustrating a method of obtainingencoded panoramic content in accordance with one implementation of thepresent disclosure. Method 700 of FIG. 7A may be implemented by, e.g.,system 600 of FIG. 6 . In some implementations, operations of method 700may be effectuated by a capture device (e.g., 200 of FIG. 2A) duringand/or as a part of imaging content acquisition.

At operation 702 of method 700 encoded image content may be accessed. Insome implementations, the content may include a sequence of highresolution images (e.g., 4K, BK, and/or other resolution) captured andencoded by a capture device (e.g., 200 of FIG. 2A) and/or obtained froma content storage entity. In or more implementations, the accessedcontent may correspond to spherical content (e.g., pairs ofhemispherical images 252, 262).

At operation 704 one or more encoded images of the content may bedecoded. By way of a non-limiting illustration, images of input 342, 343may be encoded by encoder components 344, 343 operable in accordancewith HEVC codec.

At operation 706, a stitched image may be obtained. In someimplementations, the image stitching operation may include modificationof pixels of one or more images in an area proximate a boundary betweenfield of views associated with individual images. Image stitchingoperation may include pixel level stitching configured to reduce adifference measure between values of pixels of one image and pixelsanother image corresponding to a given location in field of view. In oneimplementation, the difference measure may include a contrast measure

At operation 708, one or more portions of the stitched image may beencoded using selective encoding methodology. By way of an illustration,portions 422, 424, 426, 428 may correspond to surrounding (peripheral)areas of the image 420 of FIG. 4B; as such values of pixels within oneor more portions 422, 424, 426, 428 may be modified by the stitchingprocess; image portion 422, 424, 426, 428 may be encoded duringoperation 708. Using selective encoding and/or decoding methodology ofthe disclosure, pixels of a stitched image corresponding to surroundingimage portions, e.g., 502, 522, 524, 526, 528, 542, 544, 546, 548 ofFIG. 5 may be encoded during operation 708 subsequent to stitchingoperation 706.

At operation 710, an encoded version of the stitched image may beobtained. In some implementations, the encoded stitched image may beobtained by combining selectively encoded portion(s) of the stitchedimage and previously encoded portion(s) of the encoded image accessed atoperation 702. By way of an illustration, when encoding stitched image420 of FIG. 4B, values of the previously encoded center portion 410 ofthe encoded image 400 (e.g., and accessed at operation 702) may beutilized in lieu of encoding pixels of a stitched image corresponding tocenter image portion.

FIG. 7B is logical flow diagram illustrating a method of selectivelyencoding an image in accordance with one implementation of the presentdisclosure. In some implementations, operations of method 740 may beeffectuated during acquisition and/or playback of content that has beenpreviously acquired and/or encoded.

At operation 742 of method 720, a portion of a stitched version of animage is accessed.

At operation 746, an evaluation may be made as to whether imageportion(s) are to be encoded.

Responsive to a determination at operation 746 that a portion of thestitched image is to be encoded the method may proceed to operation 748wherein the stitched image portion(s) may be encoded. In someimplementations, encoding operation 748 may include encoding the imageportion as a motion-constrained tile of HEVC encoder.

Method 740 may be configured to implement selective encoding wherein:(i) centrally located image portions (tiles) may be not encoded butinformation for these tiles may be copied from a respective portion ofpreviously encoded image; (ii) peripherally located image portions(tiles) may be encoded. By way of an illustration, operation 746 may beconfigured to determine as to whether a give image portion (tile) maycorrespond to a centrally located or peripherally located portion. Insome implementations, the determination of operation 746 may beconfigured based on an image map, look up table, a rulebook, and/orother process.

Responsive to a determination at operation 746 that the portion of thestitched image is not to be encoded the method may proceed to operation750 wherein the contents of the respective portion of the previouslyencoded image may be copied.

By way of an illustration, it may be determined at operation 746 that agiven portion of the stitched image represents a peripherally locatedportion (e.g., 422 of image 420). Contents of the portion 422 may beencoded as a motion-constrained tile of HEVC encoder.

At operation 752 encoded stitched image may be obtained. In someimplementations, the encoded version of the stitched image may beobtained by combining the previously available portion (e.g., such asobtained at operation 750) and one or more of the encoded stitched imageportions (e.g., such as obtained at operation 748). By way of anillustration, the encoded version 420 of the stitched image may beobtained by combining a previously encoded central portion 410 of image400 and portion 422, 424, 426, 428 re-encoded using motion constrainedtiles.

Encoding methodology described herein may be utilized for encodingstitched spherical (360-degree) images and/or VR video. In someimplementations, selective encoding functionality may be embodied in aspherical image capture device that may include two lenses configured tocapture pairs of hemispherical images. Individual images may becharacterized by 180-degree (or greater) field of view. The capturedevice may store a pair of images representing left and righthemispheres encoded (in camera) using any applicable codec, e.g., H.264or HEVC). In some implementations, methodology of the disclosure may beutilized with capture devices that may include four, six, eight, twelve,sixteen, and/or other number of lenses and/or image sensors.

Where certain elements of these implementations can be partially orfully implemented using known components, only those portions of suchknown components that are necessary for an understanding of the presentdisclosure are described, and detailed descriptions of other portions ofsuch known components are omitted so as not to obscure the disclosure.

In the present specification, an implementation showing a singularcomponent should not be considered limiting; rather, the disclosure isintended to encompass other implementations including a plurality of thesame component, and vice-versa, unless explicitly stated otherwiseherein.

Further, the present disclosure encompasses present and future knownequivalents to the components referred to herein by way of illustration.

As used herein, the terms “computer”, “computing device”, and“computerized device”, include, but are not limited to, personalcomputers (PCs) and minicomputers, whether desktop, laptop, orotherwise, mainframe computers, workstations, servers, personal digitalassistants (PDAs), handheld computers, embedded computers, programmablelogic device, personal communicators, tablet computers, portablenavigation aids, J2ME equipped devices, cellular telephones, smartphones, personal integrated communication or entertainment devices, orliterally any other device capable of executing a set of instructions.

As used herein, the term “computer program” or “software” is meant toinclude any sequence or human or machine cognizable steps which performa function. Such program may be rendered in virtually any programminglanguage or environment including, for example, C/C++, C #, Fortran,COBOL, MATLAB™, PASCAL, Python, assembly language, markup languages(e.g., HTML, SGML, XML, VoXML), and the like, as well as object-orientedenvironments such as the Common Object Request Broker Architecture(CORBA), Java™ (including J2ME, Java Beans), Binary Runtime Environment(e.g., BREW), and the like.

As used herein, the terms “connection”, “link”, “wireless link” means acausal link between any two or more entities (whether physical orlogical/virtual), which enables information exchange between theentities.

As used herein, the terms “integrated circuit”, “chip”, and “IC” aremeant to refer to an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterneddiffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate ofsemiconductor material. By way of non-limiting example, integratedcircuits may include field programmable gate arrays (e.g., FPGAs), aprogrammable logic device (PLD), reconfigurable computer fabrics (RCFs),systems on a chip (SoC), application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs), and/or other types of integrated circuits.

As used herein, the term “memory” includes any type of integratedcircuit or other storage device adapted for storing digital dataincluding, without limitation, ROM. PROM, EEPROM, DRAM, Mobile DRAM,SDRAM, DDR/2 SDRAM, EDO/FPMS, RLDRAM, SRAM, “flash” memory (e.g.,NAND/NOR), memristor memory, and PSRAM.

As used herein, the terms “microprocessor” and “digital processor” aremeant generally to include digital processing devices. By way ofnon-limiting example, digital processing devices may include one or moreof digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computers(RISC), general-purpose (CISC) processors, microprocessors, gate arrays(e.g., field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)), PLDs, reconfigurablecomputer fabrics (RCFs), array processors, secure microprocessors,application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or other digitalprocessing devices. Such digital processors may be contained on a singleunitary IC die, or distributed across multiple components.

As used herein, the term “Wi-Fi” includes one or more of IEEE-Std.802.11, variants of IEEE-Std. 802.11, standards related to IEEE-Std.802.11 (e.g., 802.11 a/b/g/n/s/v), and/or other wireless standards.

As used herein, the term “wireless” means any wireless signal, data,communication, and/or other wireless interface. By way of non-limitingexample, a wireless interface may include one or more of Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, 3G (3GPP/3GPP2), HSDPA/HSUPA, TDMA, CDMA (e.g., IS-95A,WCDMA, and/or other wireless technology), FHSS, DSSS, GSM, PAN/802.15,WiMAX (802.16), 802.20, narrowband/FDMA, OFDM, PCS/DCS,LTE/LTE-A/TD-LTE, analog cellular, CDPD, satellite systems, millimeterwave or microwave systems, acoustic, infrared (i.e., IrDA), and/or otherwireless interfaces.

As used herein, the term “camera” may be used to refer to any imagingdevice or sensor configured to capture, record, and/or convey stilland/or video imagery, which may be sensitive to visible parts of theelectromagnetic spectrum and/or invisible parts of the electromagneticspectrum (e.g., infrared, ultraviolet), and/or other energy (e.g.,pressure waves).

It will be recognized that while certain aspects of the technology aredescribed in terms of a specific sequence of steps of a method, thesedescriptions are only illustrative of the broader methods of thedisclosure, and may be modified as required by the particularapplication. Certain steps may be rendered unnecessary or optional undercertain circumstances. Additionally, certain steps or functionality maybe added to the disclosed implementations, or the order of performanceof two or more steps permuted. All such variations are considered to beencompassed within the disclosure disclosed and claimed herein.

While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointedout novel features of the disclosure as applied to variousimplementations, it will be understood that various omissions,substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device orprocess illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the disclosure. The foregoing description is of the bestmode presently contemplated of carrying out the principles of thedisclosure. This description is in no way meant to be limiting, butrather should be taken as illustrative of the general principles of thetechnology. The scope of the disclosure should be determined withreference to the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for encoding images, comprising:decoding a first encoded image to obtain a first decoded image, whereinthe first decoded image comprises: a first decoded portion correspondingto a first encoded portion of the first encoded image; and a seconddecoded portion corresponding to a second encoded portion of the firstencoded image; decoding a second encoded image to obtain a seconddecoded image; combining the first decoded image and the second decodedimage to obtain a single decoded image; and encoding the single decodedimage to obtain a single encoded image, wherein the single encoded imageincludes a third encoded portion and a fourth encoded portion, andwherein encoding the single decoded image comprises: obtaining the thirdencoded portion by copying the first encoded portion of the firstencoded image; and obtaining the fourth encoded by encoding the seconddecoded portion using an encoder.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thesecond decoded image comprises a third decoded portion, and whereinencoding the single decoded image further comprises: obtaining a fifthencoded portion of the single encoded image by encoding the thirddecoded portion using the encoder.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thefirst encoded portion and the second encoded portion are portions ofdifferent tiles of the first encoded image.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein the first encoded portion and the second encoded portion areobtained using motion-constrained encoding.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein combining the first decoded image and the second decoded imageto obtain the single decoded image comprises: stitching the firstdecoded image and the second decoded image to obtain the single decodedimage.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: partitioning thesingle encoded image into tiles such that the third encoded portion isobtained from a first tile and the fourth encoded portion is obtainedfrom a second tile that is different from the first tile.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein the first tile is centrally located in the firstencoded image and the second tile is peripherally located in the firstencoded image.
 8. A device for encoding images comprising: a processorconfigured to: decode a first encoded image to obtain a first decodedimage; decode a second encoded image to obtain a second decoded image;stich the first decoded image and the second decoded image to obtain astitched image; and obtain a stitched encoded image of the stitchedimage, wherein to obtain the stitched encoded image comprises to: obtaina first portion of the stitched encoded image by duplicating values of acentrally located region of the first encoded image.
 9. The device ofclaim 8, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive a firstimage; receive a second image; encode the first image to obtain thefirst encoded image; and encode the second image to obtain the secondencoded image.
 10. The device of claim 8, wherein to obtain the stitchedencoded image further comprises to: obtain a second portion of thestitched encoded image by encoding a corresponding portion of the seconddecoded image.
 11. The device of claim 8, wherein a centrally locatedtile of the first decoded image corresponds to a centrally located tileof the first encoded image, and wherein the centrally located tile ofthe first encoded image is encoded using motion-constrained tileencoding.
 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the motion-constrainedtile encoding corresponds to a profile of an HEVC codec.
 13. The deviceof claim 8, wherein the first decoded image and the second decoded imageare stitched along respective circumferences of the first decoded imageand the second decoded image.
 14. A non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executedby a processor, facilitate performance of operations comprisingoperations to: stitch a first decoded image of a first encoded image anda second decoded image of a second encoded image along a stitch boundaryto obtain a stitched image; and encode the stitched image by operationsto: partition the stitched image into portions, the portions comprisinga first portion and a second portion; copy bit values corresponding tothe first portion from a corresponding portion of the first encodedimage; and encode the second portion according to a coding standard. 15.The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, whereinthe stitch boundary does not interest the first portion.
 16. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein thefirst portion is a polygon shaped portion.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the first portionis a square shaped portion.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 14, wherein the first portion is centrallylocated in the first encoded image.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the second portioncorresponds to a peripherally located portion of the first encodedimage.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim14, wherein the operations further comprise operations to: store theencoded stitched image.